Agriculture is both essential to modern societies and one of the greatest threats to environments globally. Projected increases in incomes and population, and shifts in diets, pose great agricultural risks around the world to biodiversity via agricultural land clearing, to water supplies via fertilizer and pesticide pollution, and to climate change through nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions. Potential solutions include closing yield gaps via post-modern agricultural intensification, shifts to healthier diets, land use planning, and improved agricultural trade. The adoption of such solutions will require an unprecedented confluence of behavioral, cultural and policy changes.